https://hugo.globuklumbo.de/tags/tcp/Recent content in TCP on FISI LernzettelHugodehttps://hugo.globuklumbo.de/02_netzwerk/protokolle-ports/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://hugo.globuklumbo.de/02_netzwerk/protokolle-ports/<h1 id="protokolle">Protokolle<a class="anchor" href="#protokolle">#</a></h1> <p>Diese Tabelle listet die wichtigsten <strong>Netzwerkprotokolle</strong> mit ihren Standard-Ports, der zugehörigen <abbr title="Open Systems Interconnection (Referenzmodell)" style="text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-style: dotted; text-decoration-color: var(--color-link); cursor: help;">OSI</abbr>-Schicht und ihrem Einsatzzweck auf.</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th><strong>Protokoll</strong></th> <th><strong>Port(s)</strong></th> <th><strong>Layer (OSI)</strong></th> <th><strong>Funktion</strong></th> <th><strong>Eigenschaften</strong></th> <th><strong>Beispielanwendung</strong></th> <th><strong>Nachrichten Format</strong></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>ARP</strong></td> <td>-</td> <td>2/3</td> <td>MAC-Adressauflösung</td> <td>- Broadcast-basiert<br>- Kein Port (direkt über Ethernet)<br>- Lokales Netzwerk</td> <td>- IP zu MAC Mapping<br>- ARP-Cache<br>- Gratuitous ARP</td> <td>ARP Request/Reply</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>ICMP</strong></td> <td>-</td> <td>3</td> <td>Netzwerkdiagnose</td> <td>- Keine Ports<br>- Teil des IP-Protokolls<br>- Kontrollnachrichten</td> <td>- Ping<br>- Traceroute<br>- Path MTU Discovery</td> <td>Echo Request/Reply, Destination Unreachable</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>IGMP</strong></td> <td>-</td> <td>3</td> <td>Multicast-Gruppenmanagement</td> <td>- Keine Ports<br>- Teil des IP-Protokolls<br>- Gruppenbeitritt/-austritt</td> <td>- Streaming<br>- IPTV<br>- Multicast-Routing</td> <td>Membership Reports, Queries</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>IPsec</strong></td> <td>-</td> <td>3/4</td> <td>VPN-Verschlüsselung</td> <td>- Sicherheit auf IP-Ebene<br>- Authentifizierung<br>- Verschlüsselung</td> <td>- Site-to-Site VPN<br>- Remote Access VPN<br>- Tunneling</td> <td>AH (Authentication Header), ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>IPX</strong></td> <td>-</td> <td>3</td> <td>Netzwerkprotokoll (Novell)</td> <td>- Alternatives Routing-Protokoll<br>- Proprietär<br>- Veraltet</td> <td>- Novell NetWare<br>- Alte Netzwerke<br>- Legacy Systeme</td> <td>Routing Informationen, Datenpakete</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>DHCP</strong></td> <td>67/68</td> <td>7</td> <td>IP-Konfiguration</td> <td>- UDP-basiert<br>- Client/Server<br>- DORA-Prozess</td> <td>- IP-Vergabe<br>- Netzwerkkonfiguration<br>- DNS-Server-Zuweisung</td> <td>Discover, Offer, Request, Acknowledge</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>DNS</strong></td> <td>53</td> <td>7</td> <td>Namensauflösung</td> <td>- UDP (Anfragen)<br>- TCP (Zonentransfer)<br>- Hierarchisch</td> <td>- Domain zu IP<br>- MX-Records<br>- Service Discovery</td> <td>DNS Query, DNS Response</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>HTTP</strong></td> <td>80</td> <td>7</td> <td>Webtransfer</td> <td>- TCP-basiert<br>- Request/Response<br>- Zustandslos</td> <td>- Webseiten<br>- REST APIs<br>- Web Services</td> <td>GET, POST, PUT, DELETE Requests</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>HTTPS</strong></td> <td>443</td> <td>7</td> <td>Sicherer Webtransfer</td> <td>- SSL/TLS<br>- Verschlüsselt<br>- Zertifikate</td> <td>- E-Banking<br>- Webshops<br>- Sichere APIs</td> <td>Verschlüsselte HTTP-Requests</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>FTP</strong></td> <td>20/21</td> <td>7</td> <td>Dateitransfer</td> <td>- Separate Kontroll-/Datenkanäle<br>- TCP-basiert<br>- Authentifizierung</td> <td>- Dateiupload<br>- Downloads<br>- Webhosting</td> <td>FTP Commands, Data Transfer</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>SMTP</strong></td> <td>25</td> <td>7</td> <td>E-Mail-Versand</td> <td>- TCP-basiert<br>- Store and Forward<br>- Mailserver-Kommunikation</td> <td>- E-Mail-Versand<br>- Mail Relay<br>- Newsletter</td> <td>MAIL, RCPT, DATA Commands</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>POP3</strong></td> <td>110</td> <td>7</td> <td>E-Mail-Abruf</td> <td>- TCP-basiert<br>- Download und Löschen<br>- Einfach</td> <td>- Mail-Clients<br>- Offline-Mail-Zugriff</td> <td>LIST, RETR, DELE Commands</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>IMAP</strong></td> <td>143</td> <td>7</td> <td>E-Mail-Verwaltung</td> <td>- TCP-basiert<br>- Serverseitige Verwaltung<br>- Komplexer als POP3</td> <td>- Webmail<br>- Mobile Mail-Clients</td> <td>SELECT, FETCH, STORE Commands</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>NTP</strong></td> <td>123</td> <td>7</td> <td>Zeitsynchronisation</td> <td>- UDP-basiert<br>- Hierarchisch<br>- Stratum-Levels</td> <td>- Serveruhrzeiten<br>- Logging<br>- Zertifikate</td> <td>Timestamp Synchronization</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>SNMP</strong></td> <td>161/162</td> <td>7</td> <td>Netzwerkmanagement</td> <td>- UDP-basiert<br>- Manager/Agent<br>- MIB-Struktur</td> <td>- Monitoring<br>- Inventory<br>- Alerting</td> <td>GET, SET, TRAP Nachrichten</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>SSH</strong></td> <td>22</td> <td>7</td> <td>Secure Shell</td> <td>- TCP-basiert<br>- Verschlüsselt<br>- Authentifizierung</td> <td>- Remote Access<br>- SFTP<br>- Tunneling</td> <td>Verschlüsselte Kommandos, Key Exchange</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Telnet</strong></td> <td>23</td> <td>7</td> <td>Terminal Emulation</td> <td>- TCP-basiert<br>- Unverschlüsselt<br>- Veraltet</td> <td>- Legacy Systeme<br>- Debugging</td> <td>ASCII-basierte Terminal-Kommunikation</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>TFTP</strong></td> <td>69</td> <td>7</td> <td>Einfacher Dateitransfer</td> <td>- UDP-basiert<br>- Keine Authentifizierung<br>- Minimal</td> <td>- Router Config<br>- Boot Images</td> <td>Read, Write Requests</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>RDP</strong></td> <td>3389</td> <td>7</td> <td>Remote Desktop</td> <td>- TCP-basiert<br>- Grafikübertragung<br>- Windows-spezifisch</td> <td>- Remote Support<br>- Virtual Desktops</td> <td>Grafik- und Eingabeübertragung</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>SMB</strong></td> <td>445</td> <td>7</td> <td>Datei/Druckerfreigabe</td> <td>- TCP-basiert<br>- Windows-Netzwerke<br>- Authentifizierung</td> <td>- Netzlaufwerke<br>- Drucker sharing</td> <td>File/Printer Sharing Protokolle</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>LDAP</strong></td> <td>389</td> <td>7</td> <td>Verzeichnisdienst</td> <td>- TCP-basiert<br>- Hierarchisch<br>- Authentifizierung</td> <td>- Active Directory<br>- User Management</td> <td>Verzeichnis-Abfragen und Änderungen</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Syslog</strong></td> <td>514</td> <td>7</td> <td>Logging</td> <td>- UDP-basiert<br>- Prioritätslevels<br>- Facility-Codes</td> <td>- System Logs<br>- Network Logs<br>- Security Logs</td> <td>Log-Nachrichten mit Priorität</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>TCP</strong></td> <td>0-65535</td> <td>4</td> <td>Zuverlässige Datenübertragung</td> <td>- Verbindungsorientiert<br>- Fehlerkorrektur<br>- Fluss- und Staukontrolle</td> <td>- Web-Kommunikation<br>- E-Mail<br>- Dateitransfer</td> <td>Segments mit Sequenznummern</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>UDP</strong></td> <td>0-65535</td> <td>4</td> <td>Schnelle, unzuverlässige Datenübertragung</td> <td>- Verbindungslos<br>- Kein Overhead<br>- Keine Garantien</td> <td>- DNS<br>- Streaming<br>- Online-Gaming</td> <td>Datagramme ohne Verbindungsaufbau</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Kerberos</strong></td> <td>88</td> <td>6/7</td> <td>Authentifizierung</td> <td>- Ticketbasiert<br>- Verschlüsselt<br>- Single Sign-On</td> <td>- Windows Domains<br>- Enterprise Authentication<br>- Netze mit hohen Sicherheitsanforderungen</td> <td>Authentication Tickets</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>BGP</strong></td> <td>179</td> <td>3</td> <td>Routing zwischen autonomen Systemen</td> <td>- Externes Routing<br>- Path Vector Protokoll<br>- Internet-Backbone</td> <td>- Internet-Routing<br>- Service Provider<br>- Globale Netzwerkverbindungen</td> <td>Route Advertisements</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>SCTP</strong></td> <td>0-65535</td> <td>4</td> <td>Multi-Streaming Transportprotokoll</td> <td>- Mehrere Datenströme<br>- Fehlertoleranz<br>- Multihoming</td> <td>- Telekomm. Signalisierung<br>- VoIP<br>- Hochverfügbare Systeme</td> <td>Chunks mit Sequenznummern</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>RADIUS</strong></td> <td>1812/1813</td> <td>7</td> <td>Authentifizierung und Accounting</td> <td>- AAA-Protokoll<br>- Zentralisierte Authentifizierung<br>- Accounting-Funktionen</td> <td>- ISP-Authentifizierung<br>- WLAN-Zugang<br>- VPN-Management</td> <td>Access-Request/Accept/Reject</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>RTSP</strong></td> <td>554</td> <td>7</td> <td>Medien-Streaming-Steuerung</td> <td>- Echtzeit-Medien<br>- Kontrollprotokoll<br>- Zustandsbehaftet</td> <td>- Video on Demand<br>- Live-Streaming<br>- IP-Kameras</td> <td>DESCRIBE, SETUP, PLAY Commands</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>SIP</strong></td> <td>5060/5061</td> <td>7</td> <td>Kommunikationssitzungen</td> <td>- VoIP-Signalisierung<br>- Sessionaufbau<br>- Verschlüsselung möglich</td> <td>- IP-Telefonie<br>- Video-Conferencing<br>- Instant Messaging</td> <td>INVITE, BYE, REGISTER Messages</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>MQTT</strong></td> <td>1883/8883</td> <td>7</td> <td>Leichtgewichtiges Messaging</td> <td>- Publish/Subscribe<br>- IoT-optimiert<br>- Minimaler Overhead</td> <td>- Smart Home<br>- Sensornetzwerke<br>- Fahrzeug-Kommunikation</td> <td>CONNECT, PUBLISH, SUBSCRIBE</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>WebSocket</strong></td> <td>80/443</td> <td>7</td> <td>Bidirektionale Echtzeitkommunikation</td> <td>- Persistent Connection<br>- Vollduplex<br>- Geringer Overhead</td> <td>- Chat-Anwendungen<br>- Echtzeit-Dashboards<br>- Multiplayer-Spiele</td> <td>CONNECT, MESSAGE, CLOSE</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>XMPP</strong></td> <td>5222</td> <td>7</td> <td>Instant Messaging</td> <td>- Dezentral<br>- Erweiterbar<br>- XML-basiert</td> <td>- Chat-Systeme<br>- Social Media<br>- Kollaboration</td> <td>Presence, Message Stanzas</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>CoAP</strong></td> <td>5683</td> <td>7</td> <td>IoT-Kommunikation</td> <td>- Ressourcen-beschränkt<br>- UDP-basiert<br>- RESTful</td> <td>- Smarte Geräte<br>- Sensornetze<br>- Embedded Systems</td> <td>GET, POST, PUT, DELETE</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>MQTT-SN</strong></td> <td>1884</td> <td>7</td> <td>IoT Sensor Networks</td> <td>- Für Sensornetzwerke<br>- Sehr leichtgewichtig<br>- Drahtlos-optimiert</td> <td>- Drahtlose Sensoren<br>- Wearables<br>- Umgebungsüberwachung</td> <td>CONNECT, PUBLISH für Sensoren</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>AMQP</strong></td> <td>5672/5671</td> <td>7</td> <td>Message Queuing</td> <td>- Messaging-Middleware<br>- Plattformunabhängig<br>- Zuverlässig</td> <td>- Enterprise Messaging<br>- Microservices<br>- Verteilte Systeme</td> <td>AMQP Commands, Message Routing</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>gRPC</strong></td> <td>Dynamisch</td> <td>7</td> <td>RPC Framework</td> <td>- Hochperformant<br>- Binäres Protokoll<br>- Microservices</td> <td>- Microservice-Kommunikation<br>- Verteilte Systeme<br>- Cloud-Native Anwendungen</td> <td>Protocol Buffers Nachrichten</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <h2 id="protokolle-nach-osi-schicht">Protokolle nach OSI-Schicht<a class="anchor" href="#protokolle-nach-osi-schicht">#</a></h2> <pre class="mermaid" data-mermaid-src="Zmxvd2NoYXJ0IFRECiAgICBMN1siU2NoaWNodCA3IOKAlCBBbndlbmR1bmc8YnIvPkhUVFAgwrcgSFRUUFMgwrcgRE5TIMK3IERIQ1AgwrcgU1NIIMK3IEZUUCDCtyBTTVRQIl0KICAgIEw0WyJTY2hpY2h0IDQg4oCUIFRyYW5zcG9ydDxici8&#43;VENQIMK3IFVEUCDCtyBTQ1RQIl0KICAgIEwzWyJTY2hpY2h0IDMg4oCUIE5ldHp3ZXJrPGJyLz5JUCDCtyBJQ01QIMK3IElHTVAgwrcgQkdQIl0KICAgIEwyWyJTY2hpY2h0IDIvMyDigJQgU2ljaGVydW5nPGJyLz5BUlAiXQogICAgTDcgLS0&#43;IEw0IC0tPiBMMyAtLT4gTDI=">flowchart TD L7[&#34;Schicht 7 — Anwendung&lt;br/&gt;HTTP · HTTPS · DNS · DHCP · SSH · FTP · SMTP&#34;] L4[&#34;Schicht 4 — Transport&lt;br/&gt;TCP · UDP · SCTP&#34;] L3[&#34;Schicht 3 — Netzwerk&lt;br/&gt;IP · ICMP · IGMP · BGP&#34;] L2[&#34;Schicht 2/3 — Sicherung&lt;br/&gt;ARP&#34;] L7 --&gt; L4 --&gt; L3 --&gt; L2</pre><h2 id="quiz">Quiz<a class="anchor" href="#quiz">#</a></h2> <details id="quiz-312804f6" class="book-quiz"> <summary class="book-quiz-summary">❓ Welcher Port wird standardmäßig für sicheren Webtransfer (HTTPS) verwendet?</summary> <div class="book-quiz-body"> <div class="book-quiz-options" id="quiz-options-312804f6"> <button type="button" class="book-quiz-btn" data-answer="443" data-selected="false" onclick="window.bookQuizToggle(this)">443</button><button type="button" class="book-quiz-btn" data-answer="80" data-selected="false" onclick="window.bookQuizToggle(this)">80</button><button type="button" class="book-quiz-btn" data-answer="8080" data-selected="false" onclick="window.bookQuizToggle(this)">8080</button><button type="button" class="book-quiz-btn" data-answer="25" data-selected="false" onclick="window.bookQuizToggle(this)">25</button> </div> <div class="book-quiz-result" id="quiz-result-312804f6"></div> <div class="book-quiz-actions"> <button type="button" class="book-quiz-btn" id="quiz-check-312804f6" onclick="window.bookQuizCheck('312804f6', &#34;\&#34;443\&#34;&#34;)">Auswerten</button> <button type="button" class="book-quiz-btn book-quiz-retry" id="quiz-retry-312804f6" style="display:none" onclick="window.bookQuizReset('312804f6')">Zurücksetzen</button> </div> </div> </details> <style> .book-quiz { border: 1px solid var(--gray-200); 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color: var(--color-accent-caution); } .book-quiz-btn.missed { border-color: var(--color-accent-tip); border-style: dashed; opacity: 0.8; } </style> <script> (function () { if (window.bookQuizDefined) return; window.bookQuizDefined = true; window.bookQuizToggle = function (btn) { if (btn.disabled) return; var selected = btn.getAttribute('data-selected') === 'true'; btn.setAttribute('data-selected', selected ? 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'✔ Richtig!' : '✘ Nicht ganz richtig.'; document.getElementById('quiz-check-' + id).style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('quiz-retry-' + id).style.display = 'inline-block'; }; window.bookQuizReset = function (id) { var buttons = document.querySelectorAll('#quiz-options-' + id + ' .book-quiz-btn'); buttons.forEach(function (btn) { btn.disabled = false; btn.setAttribute('data-selected', 'false'); btn.classList.remove('correct', 'incorrect', 'missed'); }); document.getElementById('quiz-result-' + id).textContent = ''; document.getElementById('quiz-check-' + id).style.display = 'inline-block'; document.getElementById('quiz-retry-' + id).style.display = 'none'; }; })(); </script> <details id="quiz-b2aa0ddd" class="book-quiz"> <summary class="book-quiz-summary">❓ Welche Protokolle verwenden UDP als Transportprotokoll?</summary> <div class="book-quiz-body"> <div class="book-quiz-options" id="quiz-options-b2aa0ddd"> <button type="button" class="book-quiz-btn" data-answer="DNS" data-selected="false" onclick="window.bookQuizToggle(this)">DNS</button><button type="button" class="book-quiz-btn" data-answer="DHCP" data-selected="false" onclick="window.bookQuizToggle(this)">DHCP</button><button type="button" class="book-quiz-btn" data-answer="SNMP" data-selected="false" onclick="window.bookQuizToggle(this)">SNMP</button><button type="button" class="book-quiz-btn" data-answer="SSH" data-selected="false" onclick="window.bookQuizToggle(this)">SSH</button> </div> <div class="book-quiz-result" id="quiz-result-b2aa0ddd"></div> <div class="book-quiz-actions"> <button type="button" class="book-quiz-btn" id="quiz-check-b2aa0ddd" onclick="window.bookQuizCheck('b2aa0ddd', &#34;\&#34;DNS|DHCP|SNMP\&#34;&#34;)">Auswerten</button> <button type="button" class="book-quiz-btn book-quiz-retry" id="quiz-retry-b2aa0ddd" style="display:none" onclick="window.bookQuizReset('b2aa0ddd')">Zurücksetzen</button> </div> </div> </details> <style> .book-quiz { border: 1px solid var(--gray-200); border-radius: var(--border-radius); margin: 1.5rem 0; overflow: hidden; } .book-quiz-summary { padding: 0.75rem 1rem; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 600; background: var(--gray-100); } .book-quiz-body { padding: 1rem; } .book-quiz-btn { display: block; width: 100%; text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.5rem 0.75rem; margin: 0.4rem 0; cursor: pointer; border: 1px solid var(--gray-200); border-radius: var(--border-radius); background: transparent; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9em; } .book-quiz-btn:hover:not(:disabled) { background: var(--gray-100); } .book-quiz-btn[data-selected="true"] { background: var(--gray-100); border-color: var(--color-link); } .book-quiz-actions { display: flex; gap: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0.75rem; } .book-quiz-actions .book-quiz-btn { width: auto; } .book-quiz-result { margin-top: 0.75rem; font-weight: 600; min-height: 1.2em; } .book-quiz-btn.correct { border-color: var(--color-accent-tip); color: var(--color-accent-tip); } .book-quiz-btn.incorrect { border-color: var(--color-accent-caution); color: var(--color-accent-caution); } .book-quiz-btn.missed { border-color: var(--color-accent-tip); border-style: dashed; opacity: 0.8; } </style> <script> (function () { if (window.bookQuizDefined) return; window.bookQuizDefined = true; window.bookQuizToggle = function (btn) { if (btn.disabled) return; var selected = btn.getAttribute('data-selected') === 'true'; btn.setAttribute('data-selected', selected ? 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'✔ Richtig!' : '✘ Nicht ganz richtig.'; document.getElementById('quiz-check-' + id).style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('quiz-retry-' + id).style.display = 'inline-block'; }; window.bookQuizReset = function (id) { var buttons = document.querySelectorAll('#quiz-options-' + id + ' .book-quiz-btn'); buttons.forEach(function (btn) { btn.disabled = false; btn.setAttribute('data-selected', 'false'); btn.classList.remove('correct', 'incorrect', 'missed'); }); document.getElementById('quiz-result-' + id).textContent = ''; document.getElementById('quiz-check-' + id).style.display = 'inline-block'; document.getElementById('quiz-retry-' + id).style.display = 'none'; }; })(); </script> <h2 id="siehe-auch">Siehe auch<a class="anchor" href="#siehe-auch">#</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href="../02_netzwerk/osi-modell.md">osi modell</a> — OSI-Schichten auf die diese Protokolle gemappt werden</li> <li><a href="../02_netzwerk/tcp-ip.md">tcp ip</a> — TCP/UDP im Detail mit 3-Way-Handshake und Port-Bereichen</li> <li><a href="../02_netzwerk/dns-dhcp-arp.md">dns dhcp arp</a> — DNS (Port 53), DHCP (Port 67/68), ARP im Detail</li> <li><a href="../02_netzwerk/vpn.md">vpn</a> — IPsec (Port 500/4500), OpenVPN (Port 1194), WireGuard (Port 51820)</li> <li><a href="../06_it-sicherheit/verschluesselung.md">verschluesselung</a> — HTTPS/TLS, SSH und sichere Protokolle</li> </ul> <h2 id="ressourcen">Ressourcen<a class="anchor" href="#ressourcen">#</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_standardisierten_Ports">Wikipedia: Liste der bekannten Ports</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol">Wikipedia: Transmission Control Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol">Wikipedia: User Datagram Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="https://studyflix.de/informatik/tcp-5548">Studyflix: TCP (einfach erklärt, TCP vs. UDP)</a></li> </ul>https://hugo.globuklumbo.de/02_netzwerk/tcp-ip/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://hugo.globuklumbo.de/02_netzwerk/tcp-ip/<h1 id="tcpip-modell">TCP/IP Modell<a class="anchor" href="#tcpip-modell">#</a></h1> <p>Das TCP/IP-Modell ist das <strong>praktisch verwendete</strong> Schichtenmodell des Internets (im Gegensatz zum theoretischen <abbr title="Open Systems Interconnection (Referenzmodell)" style="text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-style: dotted; text-decoration-color: var(--color-link); cursor: help;">OSI</abbr>-Modell mit 7 Schichten).</p> <h2 id="osi-vs-tcpip">OSI vs. TCP/IP<a class="anchor" href="#osi-vs-tcpip">#</a></h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>TCP/IP Schicht</th> <th>OSI Schichten</th> <th>Protokolle (Beispiele)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>4 — Anwendung</strong></td> <td>7 Application, 6 Presentation, 5 Session</td> <td>HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, DNS, DHCP, SMTP, SSH</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>3 — Transport</strong></td> <td>4 Transport</td> <td>TCP, UDP</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>2 — Internet</strong></td> <td>3 Network</td> <td>IP (IPv4/IPv6), ICMP, ARP</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>1 — Netzzugang</strong></td> <td>2 Data Link, 1 Physical</td> <td>Ethernet, WLAN (802.11), MAC</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <pre class="mermaid" data-mermaid-src="Zmxvd2NoYXJ0IExSCiAgICBzdWJncmFwaCBPU0kgWyJPU0kgKDcgU2NoaWNodGVuKSJdCiAgICAgICAgbzdbIjcgQXBwbGljYXRpb24iXQogICAgICAgIG82WyI2IFByZXNlbnRhdGlvbiJdCiAgICAgICAgbzVbIjUgU2Vzc2lvbiJdCiAgICAgICAgbzRbIjQgVHJhbnNwb3J0Il0KICAgICAgICBvM1siMyBOZXR3b3JrIl0KICAgICAgICBvMlsiMiBEYXRhIExpbmsiXQogICAgICAgIG8xWyIxIFBoeXNpY2FsIl0KICAgIGVuZAogICAgc3ViZ3JhcGggVENQSVAgWyJUQ1AvSVAgKDQgU2NoaWNodGVuKSJdCiAgICAgICAgdDRbIkFud2VuZHVuZyJdCiAgICAgICAgdDNbIlRyYW5zcG9ydCJdCiAgICAgICAgdDJbIkludGVybmV0Il0KICAgICAgICB0MVsiTmV0enp1Z2FuZyJdCiAgICBlbmQKICAgIG83ICYgbzYgJiBvNSAtLS0gdDQKICAgIG80IC0tLSB0MwogICAgbzMgLS0tIHQyCiAgICBvMiAmIG8xIC0tLSB0MQ==">flowchart LR subgraph OSI [&#34;OSI (7 Schichten)&#34;] o7[&#34;7 Application&#34;] o6[&#34;6 Presentation&#34;] o5[&#34;5 Session&#34;] o4[&#34;4 Transport&#34;] o3[&#34;3 Network&#34;] o2[&#34;2 Data Link&#34;] o1[&#34;1 Physical&#34;] end subgraph TCPIP [&#34;TCP/IP (4 Schichten)&#34;] t4[&#34;Anwendung&#34;] t3[&#34;Transport&#34;] t2[&#34;Internet&#34;] t1[&#34;Netzzugang&#34;] end o7 &amp; o6 &amp; o5 --- t4 o4 --- t3 o3 --- t2 o2 &amp; o1 --- t1</pre><h2 id="tcp-vs-udp">TCP vs. UDP<a class="anchor" href="#tcp-vs-udp">#</a></h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Eigenschaft</th> <th><strong><abbr title="Transmission Control Protocol" style="text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-style: dotted; text-decoration-color: var(--color-link); cursor: help;">TCP</abbr></strong></th> <th><strong><abbr title="User Datagram Protocol" style="text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-style: dotted; text-decoration-color: var(--color-link); cursor: help;">UDP</abbr></strong></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Verbindung</td> <td>Verbindungsorientiert (3-Way-Handshake)</td> <td>Verbindungslos</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Zuverlässigkeit</td> <td>Ja — Empfang wird bestätigt</td> <td>Nein — kein ACK</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Reihenfolge</td> <td>Garantiert (Sequenznummern)</td> <td>Nicht garantiert</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fehlerkorrektur</td> <td>Ja (Wiederholung bei Verlust)</td> <td>Nein</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Geschwindigkeit</td> <td>Langsamer (Overhead)</td> <td>Schneller</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Einsatz</td> <td>HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SSH, SMTP</td> <td>DNS, DHCP, VoIP, Streaming, Gaming</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="tcp-3-way-handshake">TCP 3-Way-Handshake<a class="anchor" href="#tcp-3-way-handshake">#</a></h2> <pre class="mermaid" data-mermaid-src="c2VxdWVuY2VEaWFncmFtCiAgICBwYXJ0aWNpcGFudCBDIGFzIENsaWVudAogICAgcGFydGljaXBhbnQgUyBhcyBTZXJ2ZXIKICAgIEMtPj5TOiBTWU4gKFZlcmJpbmR1bmcgYW5mcmFnZW4pCiAgICBTLT4&#43;QzogU1lOLUFDSyAoYmVzdMOkdGlnZW4gKyBlaWdlbmUgU1lOKQogICAgQy0&#43;PlM6IEFDSyAoYmVzdMOkdGlnZW4pCiAgICBOb3RlIG92ZXIgQyxTOiBWZXJiaW5kdW5nIGF1ZmdlYmF1dAogICAgQy0&#43;PlM6IERhdGVuLi4uCiAgICBDLT4&#43;UzogRklOIChWZXJiaW5kdW5nIGJlZW5kZW4pCiAgICBTLT4&#43;QzogQUNLICsgRklOCiAgICBDLT4&#43;UzogQUNL">sequenceDiagram participant C as Client participant S as Server C-&gt;&gt;S: SYN (Verbindung anfragen) S-&gt;&gt;C: SYN-ACK (bestätigen + eigene SYN) C-&gt;&gt;S: ACK (bestätigen) Note over C,S: Verbindung aufgebaut C-&gt;&gt;S: Daten... C-&gt;&gt;S: FIN (Verbindung beenden) S-&gt;&gt;C: ACK + FIN C-&gt;&gt;S: ACK</pre><h2 id="ip-paket-aufbau-vereinfacht">IP-Paket Aufbau (vereinfacht)<a class="anchor" href="#ip-paket-aufbau-vereinfacht">#</a></h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Feld</th> <th>Inhalt</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Version</td> <td>IPv4 (4) oder IPv6 (6)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="Time to Live" style="text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-style: dotted; text-decoration-color: var(--color-link); cursor: help;">TTL</abbr> (Time to Live)</td> <td>Maximale Hops, wird bei jedem Router −1 → bei 0: Paket verworfen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Protokoll</td> <td>TCP (6), UDP (17), ICMP (1)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Quell-<abbr title="Internet Protocol" style="text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-style: dotted; text-decoration-color: var(--color-link); cursor: help;">IP</abbr></td> <td>Absender-Adresse</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ziel-IP</td> <td>Empfänger-Adresse</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Daten (Payload)</td> <td>Nutzdaten</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="ports">Ports<a class="anchor" href="#ports">#</a></h2> <ul> <li><strong>0–1023:</strong> Well-known Ports (standardisiert, z.B. 80=<abbr title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol" style="text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-style: dotted; text-decoration-color: var(--color-link); cursor: help;">HTTP</abbr>, 443=<abbr title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure" style="text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-style: dotted; text-decoration-color: var(--color-link); cursor: help;">HTTPS</abbr>)</li> <li><strong>1024–49151:</strong> Registered Ports (registriert, z.B. 3389=<abbr title="Remote Desktop Protocol" style="text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-style: dotted; text-decoration-color: var(--color-link); cursor: help;">RDP</abbr>)</li> <li><strong>49152–65535:</strong> Dynamic/Ephemeral Ports (temporär vom Client genutzt)</li> </ul> <h2 id="quiz">Quiz<a class="anchor" href="#quiz">#</a></h2> <details id="quiz-fcabfbc6" class="book-quiz"> <summary class="book-quiz-summary">❓ Welche OSI-Schichten werden in der TCP/IP-Anwendungsschicht zusammengefasst?</summary> <div class="book-quiz-body"> <div class="book-quiz-options" id="quiz-options-fcabfbc6"> <button type="button" class="book-quiz-btn" data-answer="Application, Presentation, Session (Schicht 7, 6, 5)" data-selected="false" onclick="window.bookQuizToggle(this)">Application, Presentation, Session (Schicht 7, 6, 5)</button><button type="button" class="book-quiz-btn" data-answer="Application und Transport (Schicht 7, 4)" data-selected="false" onclick="window.bookQuizToggle(this)">Application und Transport (Schicht 7, 4)</button><button type="button" class="book-quiz-btn" data-answer="Nur Application (Schicht 7)" data-selected="false" onclick="window.bookQuizToggle(this)">Nur Application (Schicht 7)</button><button type="button" class="book-quiz-btn" data-answer="Network und Data Link (Schicht 3, 2)" data-selected="false" onclick="window.bookQuizToggle(this)">Network und Data Link (Schicht 3, 2)</button> </div> <div class="book-quiz-result" id="quiz-result-fcabfbc6"></div> <div class="book-quiz-actions"> <button type="button" class="book-quiz-btn" id="quiz-check-fcabfbc6" onclick="window.bookQuizCheck('fcabfbc6', &#34;\&#34;Application, Presentation, Session (Schicht 7, 6, 5)\&#34;&#34;)">Auswerten</button> <button type="button" class="book-quiz-btn book-quiz-retry" id="quiz-retry-fcabfbc6" style="display:none" onclick="window.bookQuizReset('fcabfbc6')">Zurücksetzen</button> </div> </div> </details> <style> .book-quiz { border: 1px solid var(--gray-200); 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